Glossary

Key terms in professional surveying and geospatial technology.

RTK

Real-Time Kinematic. GNSS technique providing centimeter accuracy using corrections from a base station or network.

Total Station

Electronic instrument combining theodolite and EDM to measure angles and distances simultaneously.

LiDAR

Light Detection and Ranging. Uses laser pulses to create detailed 3D point clouds of terrain and objects.

GNSS

Global Navigation Satellite System. Covers GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), BeiDou (China).

Point Cloud

Dataset of millions of 3D points representing surfaces, produced by laser scanner or photogrammetry.

PPK

Post-Processed Kinematic. GNSS correction applied after collection, useful where real-time data unavailable.

EDM

Electronic Distance Measurement. Technology in total stations measuring distances with laser pulses.

BIM

Building Information Modeling. Digital building representation used in architecture and construction.

Photogrammetry

Making measurements from photographs. Used in drone surveys for 3D models, orthophotos and DEMs.

GCP

Ground Control Point. Surveyed point used to georeference aerial or satellite imagery.

NTRIP

Standard for streaming GNSS corrections over internet to RTK receivers.

DEM

Digital Elevation Model. 3D terrain representation from survey data, photogrammetry or LiDAR.

Traverse

Series of measured lines and angles connecting control points across a survey area.

Benchmark

Surveying mark of known position used as reference for measurements.

Georeferencing

Assigning real-world coordinates to spatial data for correct alignment.